Consider the phrase:
This experience humbled me.
I think that it has a different meaning than
This experience humilliated me
Is there a similar verb for this in Spanish?
I can't get a specific verb right now but let me offer two locuciones verbales. I think that the equivalent in English are named phrasal verbs.
According to the DLE
- loc. verb. coloq. Domar su altivez.
According to the Oxford Dictionary (and the DLE as well)
poner en su sitio
LOCUCIÓN
- Hacer saber claramente a una persona cuál es su situación o función en un lugar y no consentirle un comportamiento inadecuado cuando se excede en sus atribuciones o actúa con excesiva familiaridad.
EN (translation by me)
- Show someone clearly what is his place or function in a situation and do not let him behave inadequately when he exceeds his attributions or acts with excesive familiarity.
If you check the meaning of humble as a verb in the Oxford Dictionary
Cause (someone) to feel less important or proud.
or in the Cambridge Dictionary
to make someone understand that they are not as important or special as they thought
When the DLE states that you show someone what is his place, you're letting him know what is his real importance in relation with others in a specific situation. The first expression bajarle a alguien los humos is a synonym of poner a alguien en su sitio.
Applying those in your sentences, it would be
La experiencia me bajó los humos.
La experiencia me puso en mi sitio.
The short answer is no, humble (humilde) is used as an adjective in Spanish but for the phrase
This experience humbled me.
You could write something like
This experience made me humble = Esta experiencia me hizo humilde
Or
This experience taught me something = Esta experiencia me enseño algo