Prosodic stress changes - espécimen, régimen
The tonic vowel shifts in these words since Spanish prosody generally1 prohibits words with preantepenult stress (sobresdrújulos).
Thus, in the very rare case where you have a singular noun with antepenultimate stress which adds a syllable in plural (-es), the stress moves to accommodate:
- ré-gi-men → re-gí-me-nes
- es-pé-ci-men → es-pe-cí-me-nes
Irregular latinism - carácter
Though the hypothetical *carácteres would have its stress on the (theoretically) fine antepenultimate syllable, it seems that the change in tonic vowel is just an inherited quirk of how the Latin word was pronounced, not changing in its evolution to Spanish:
- character → carácter
- charactērēs → caracteres
... se exceptúa carácter, adaptado a la acentuación latina, cuyo plural caracteres10 está de acuerdo con la acentuación griega y la latina...
This retention of the Latin stress can also be seen in the Portuguese cognate:
Novel words - olécranon, múltiplex
La Fundéu advises that olécranon (the upper part of the ulna) is invariant in plural:
Como palabra esdrújula terminada en ene, olécranon se mantiene invariable en plural: los olécranon (Tiene más información en http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=plural, g.)
However the word is pluralized various ways in the few examples I was able to locate of its use in print (olecranones,2 3 4 olecránones5)
The word múltiplex / multiplexes is similarly ambiguous.
4. Addendum: other consonant-terminal esdrújulas
Note: These are the only words in Spanish that I'm aware of that act like this; all other consonant-terminal nouns with an antepenultimate stress are either invariant in their plural form:
• ángelus, ómnibus, páncreas, isósceles, miércoles
• análisis, éxtasis, énfasis, génesis, mímesis, némesis, ósmosis, paréntesis, perífrasis, prótesis, sinéresis, síntesis etc
• cáterin, trávelin
• dóberman, épsilon, ómicron, oxímoron1, polisíndeton
• júpiter
just add an -s:
• currículum(s), déficit(s), hábitat(s), hándicap(s)
or remove a terminal -n before adding an -s:
• hipérbaton / hipérbatos
• oxímoron / oxímoros1
1. Both plural forms accepted
Notes:
1. There are some exceptions however, but as far as I am aware these are exclusively:
a. verbs with multiple enclitics, retaining the bare verb's original stress:
• cómetelo / habiéndosenos / llévesemela
b. adverbs ending in -mente formed from accented adjectives:
• épicamente / difícilmente / comúnmente
2. Revista Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Comerciales
3. Manual de rehabilitación de la columna vertebral
4. Determinacion de las principales patologias cardiacas, en caninos de la zona metropolitana de guadalajara, mediante el uso de la electrocardiografia
5. Hiperostosis esquelética difusa idiopática: ¿existe un patrón de predominio periférico?