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I have learned that following phrases are correct:
ir al cine
ir de excursión
ir a una exposición
I do not understand when to use ir de/al/a la/a un/a una.
The difference is that cine and exposición is a specific place and excursion is an activity. So, with an specific place you should use a and with activities you should use de.
Ir al cine. (al is a contraction of a + el)
ir a la exposición
ir a la escuela
ir al club
Only in these cases, you should add the article (i.e. el, la, los, las, un, una, unos, unas.)
Esta noche iré a el cine (Is not correct to write a + el but al instead)
Mañana iré a la escuela
quiero ir a la exposición
quiero ir a los estadios
mañana iré a unos talleres
ayer fui a unas exposiciones
So it is correct to say
ir a un cine
ir a una exposición
ir a una excursión
because you use an indefinite article meaning that, for example, you go to a movie theater. You don't specify which theater though.
With activities (but not verbs) you should use de
Ir de compras
ir de excursión
ir de vacaciones
ir de juerga
If it is an action (a verb) you should use a
Ir a comprar
ir a jugar
ir a comer
ir a descansar
ir a celebrar
